Baseball

Here ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetrics ) - an excerpt:

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The traditional measure of batting performance is considered to be the batting average. To calculate the batting average, the number of base hits was divided by the total number of at-bats.[12] Bill James, along with other fathers of sabermetrics, proved this measure to be flawed as it ignores any other way a batter can reach base besides a hit.[13] This led to the creation of the On-base percentage, which takes walks and hit-by-pitches into consideration. To calculate the On-Base percentage, the total number of hits + bases on balls + hit by pitch are divided by plate appearances.[12]

Another flaw with the traditional measure of the batting average is that it will not take doubles, triples, and home runs into consideration and will give each hit the same value.[13] Thus, a measure that will distinguish between these different hit outcomes, the slugging percentage, was created. To calculate the slugging percentage, the total number of bases of all hits is divided by the total numbers of time at bat. Stephen Jay Gould proposed that the disappearance of .400 batting average is actually a sign of general improvement in batting.[14][15] This is because, in the modern era, players are becoming more focused on hitting for power than for average.[15] Therefore, it has become more valuable to compare players using the slugging percentage and on-base percentage over the batting average.[14]

These two improved sabermetric measures are important skills to measure in a batter and have been combined to create the modern statistic OPS. On-base plus slugging is the sum of the on-base percentage and the slugging percentage. This modern statistic has become useful in comparing players and is a powerful method of predicting runs scored from a certain player.[16]

Some of the other statistics that sabermetricians use to evaluate batting performance are weighted on-base average, secondary average, runs created, and equivalent average.

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