Environment & Energy

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10323990/

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023 May 30;109(1):170–173. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0087

(The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)

Violence Related to Daily Water and Sanitation Needs in South Africa

Ruvani T Jayaweera 1,*, Dana E Goin 2, Rhian Twine 3, Torsten B Neilands 2, Ryan G Wagner 3, Sheri A Lippman 2,3, Kathleen Kahn 3, Audrey Pettifor 3,4, Jennifer Ahern 5

ABSTRACT.
There is a critical lack of research on violence experienced by women when meeting their daily water and sanitation needs. This short report describes the cumulative lifetime incidence of exposure to violence when using the toilet or collecting water (water, sanitation, and hygiene [WASH] - related violence) and identifies associated health and behavioral risks. Data from 1,870 participants collected in 2013–2015 from a longitudinal cohort of young women in rural South Africa were included in this analysis. We found that exposure to WASH-related violence was high: 25.9% experienced violence when collecting water or when using the toilet. Those who experienced violence were more likely to report pregnancy, an older partner, unprotected sex, experience of intimate partner violence, engaging in transactional sex, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Future research should investigate the location and type of violence experienced and examine how WASH-related violence is related to health outcomes to identify gender-centered WASH interventions that reduce violence exposure.