But what you cited are risks of side effects. Every medication has such risks. You take the medication hoping the benefits outweigh the risks.
The medical community has decided that the benefits of taking 325 mg of aspirin, rather than 81 mg don't outweigh the added risks of the increased dose. They have also now decided the risks of taking even the lower dose outweigh the benefits for elderly individuals - after recommending it for decades. All of those risks, by the way, exist even if he was taking just a baby aspirin, which is who the medical community has decided it isn't appropriate for elderly individuals to take even a baby aspirin a day.
But having risk of side effects doesn't mean those side effects are certainties. Generally, the risks will only materialize in only a small portion of people taking the medication. I've personally taken 325 mg, or more, of aspirin daily - on doctors orders - for a period of years. (As well as two other NSAIDS with similar risk profiles.) I had to stop one of them after it caused GI ulcers - but it wasn't aspirin, AND the dose I was taking was more than the recommended daily OTC dose (per the doctors prescription). I had zero side effects from the aspirin, and stopped it when the doctor determined I no longer needed it.
So what Trump is doing is stupid - but in the same realm of stupid as anyone else who isn't following doctors orders to cut down on sweets, for example. It's not a certain recipe for medical disaster, in the way overdosing on acetaminophen is (catastrophic liver failure), or the way injecting bleach would be.